fibroblast lines Search Results


mouse embryo fibroblast cell line  (ATCC)
93
ATCC mouse embryo fibroblast cell line
Mouse Embryo Fibroblast Cell Line, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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mouse embryo fibroblast cell line - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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hffc  (CLS Cell Lines Service GmbH)
93
CLS Cell Lines Service GmbH hffc
<t>Human</t> <t>foreskin</t> fibroblast cell lines support the growth of T. pallidum in vitro . A Human foreskin fibroblast cell lines (MoNa, HFF1, and <t>HFFC)</t> support the growth of T. pallidum in long-term, continuous, in vitro cultivation. While cultivation of strain SS14 was discontinued after 10 weeks, in vitro cultures of the DAL-1 strain have been ongoing for over one year. During this period, scheme of subcultures was optimized (up to 1:20). A booster passage (*), extending the standard 7-day subculture to a 14-day period with a cultivation medium exchange on day 7, was employed to enrich the treponemal culture during critical declines. In vitro cultivation was performed in triplicate (i.e., in three cultivation wells) and the mean values for each subculture are presented in graph. Source data from individual wells are shown in Supplementary Table . B Parallel cultivation for seven days ( n = 15) with defined DAL-1 inoculum (10 6 treponemes) validated the differences in growth support of individual foreskin cell lines. Treponemal growth on human foreskin fibroblast cells was slower compared to growth on rabbit epithelial Sf1Ep cells. Red bar, mean. C Human foreskin-based cultivation system supports the growth of various T. pallidum strains ( n = 8), from the Nichols-like as well as the SS14-like cluster. Note that human foreskin fibroblast cells were prepared as an equal mixture of three tested cell lines. Each T. pallidum strain was cultivated in a single in vitro well, representing a sole experimental replicate used for data acquisition
Hffc, supplied by CLS Cell Lines Service GmbH, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/hffc/product/CLS Cell Lines Service GmbH
Average 93 stars, based on 1 article reviews
hffc - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
93/100 stars
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primary hgfs  (CLS Cell Lines Service GmbH)
95
CLS Cell Lines Service GmbH primary hgfs
<t>Human</t> <t>foreskin</t> fibroblast cell lines support the growth of T. pallidum in vitro . A Human foreskin fibroblast cell lines (MoNa, HFF1, and <t>HFFC)</t> support the growth of T. pallidum in long-term, continuous, in vitro cultivation. While cultivation of strain SS14 was discontinued after 10 weeks, in vitro cultures of the DAL-1 strain have been ongoing for over one year. During this period, scheme of subcultures was optimized (up to 1:20). A booster passage (*), extending the standard 7-day subculture to a 14-day period with a cultivation medium exchange on day 7, was employed to enrich the treponemal culture during critical declines. In vitro cultivation was performed in triplicate (i.e., in three cultivation wells) and the mean values for each subculture are presented in graph. Source data from individual wells are shown in Supplementary Table . B Parallel cultivation for seven days ( n = 15) with defined DAL-1 inoculum (10 6 treponemes) validated the differences in growth support of individual foreskin cell lines. Treponemal growth on human foreskin fibroblast cells was slower compared to growth on rabbit epithelial Sf1Ep cells. Red bar, mean. C Human foreskin-based cultivation system supports the growth of various T. pallidum strains ( n = 8), from the Nichols-like as well as the SS14-like cluster. Note that human foreskin fibroblast cells were prepared as an equal mixture of three tested cell lines. Each T. pallidum strain was cultivated in a single in vitro well, representing a sole experimental replicate used for data acquisition
Primary Hgfs, supplied by CLS Cell Lines Service GmbH, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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primary hgfs - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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human dermal fibroblast hdf cells  (CLS Cell Lines Service GmbH)
93
CLS Cell Lines Service GmbH human dermal fibroblast hdf cells
<t>Human</t> <t>foreskin</t> fibroblast cell lines support the growth of T. pallidum in vitro . A Human foreskin fibroblast cell lines (MoNa, HFF1, and <t>HFFC)</t> support the growth of T. pallidum in long-term, continuous, in vitro cultivation. While cultivation of strain SS14 was discontinued after 10 weeks, in vitro cultures of the DAL-1 strain have been ongoing for over one year. During this period, scheme of subcultures was optimized (up to 1:20). A booster passage (*), extending the standard 7-day subculture to a 14-day period with a cultivation medium exchange on day 7, was employed to enrich the treponemal culture during critical declines. In vitro cultivation was performed in triplicate (i.e., in three cultivation wells) and the mean values for each subculture are presented in graph. Source data from individual wells are shown in Supplementary Table . B Parallel cultivation for seven days ( n = 15) with defined DAL-1 inoculum (10 6 treponemes) validated the differences in growth support of individual foreskin cell lines. Treponemal growth on human foreskin fibroblast cells was slower compared to growth on rabbit epithelial Sf1Ep cells. Red bar, mean. C Human foreskin-based cultivation system supports the growth of various T. pallidum strains ( n = 8), from the Nichols-like as well as the SS14-like cluster. Note that human foreskin fibroblast cells were prepared as an equal mixture of three tested cell lines. Each T. pallidum strain was cultivated in a single in vitro well, representing a sole experimental replicate used for data acquisition
Human Dermal Fibroblast Hdf Cells, supplied by CLS Cell Lines Service GmbH, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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human dermal fibroblast hdf cells - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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cell lines human: pulmonary fibroblasts sciencell research cat# 3300  (ScienCell)
90
ScienCell cell lines human: pulmonary fibroblasts sciencell research cat# 3300
<t>Human</t> <t>foreskin</t> fibroblast cell lines support the growth of T. pallidum in vitro . A Human foreskin fibroblast cell lines (MoNa, HFF1, and <t>HFFC)</t> support the growth of T. pallidum in long-term, continuous, in vitro cultivation. While cultivation of strain SS14 was discontinued after 10 weeks, in vitro cultures of the DAL-1 strain have been ongoing for over one year. During this period, scheme of subcultures was optimized (up to 1:20). A booster passage (*), extending the standard 7-day subculture to a 14-day period with a cultivation medium exchange on day 7, was employed to enrich the treponemal culture during critical declines. In vitro cultivation was performed in triplicate (i.e., in three cultivation wells) and the mean values for each subculture are presented in graph. Source data from individual wells are shown in Supplementary Table . B Parallel cultivation for seven days ( n = 15) with defined DAL-1 inoculum (10 6 treponemes) validated the differences in growth support of individual foreskin cell lines. Treponemal growth on human foreskin fibroblast cells was slower compared to growth on rabbit epithelial Sf1Ep cells. Red bar, mean. C Human foreskin-based cultivation system supports the growth of various T. pallidum strains ( n = 8), from the Nichols-like as well as the SS14-like cluster. Note that human foreskin fibroblast cells were prepared as an equal mixture of three tested cell lines. Each T. pallidum strain was cultivated in a single in vitro well, representing a sole experimental replicate used for data acquisition
Cell Lines Human: Pulmonary Fibroblasts Sciencell Research Cat# 3300, supplied by ScienCell, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/cell lines human: pulmonary fibroblasts sciencell research cat# 3300/product/ScienCell
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
cell lines human: pulmonary fibroblasts sciencell research cat# 3300 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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skin fibroblast cell lines lincl gm09404  (Coriell Institute for Medical Research)
90
Coriell Institute for Medical Research skin fibroblast cell lines lincl gm09404
<t>Human</t> <t>foreskin</t> fibroblast cell lines support the growth of T. pallidum in vitro . A Human foreskin fibroblast cell lines (MoNa, HFF1, and <t>HFFC)</t> support the growth of T. pallidum in long-term, continuous, in vitro cultivation. While cultivation of strain SS14 was discontinued after 10 weeks, in vitro cultures of the DAL-1 strain have been ongoing for over one year. During this period, scheme of subcultures was optimized (up to 1:20). A booster passage (*), extending the standard 7-day subculture to a 14-day period with a cultivation medium exchange on day 7, was employed to enrich the treponemal culture during critical declines. In vitro cultivation was performed in triplicate (i.e., in three cultivation wells) and the mean values for each subculture are presented in graph. Source data from individual wells are shown in Supplementary Table . B Parallel cultivation for seven days ( n = 15) with defined DAL-1 inoculum (10 6 treponemes) validated the differences in growth support of individual foreskin cell lines. Treponemal growth on human foreskin fibroblast cells was slower compared to growth on rabbit epithelial Sf1Ep cells. Red bar, mean. C Human foreskin-based cultivation system supports the growth of various T. pallidum strains ( n = 8), from the Nichols-like as well as the SS14-like cluster. Note that human foreskin fibroblast cells were prepared as an equal mixture of three tested cell lines. Each T. pallidum strain was cultivated in a single in vitro well, representing a sole experimental replicate used for data acquisition
Skin Fibroblast Cell Lines Lincl Gm09404, supplied by Coriell Institute for Medical Research, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/skin fibroblast cell lines lincl gm09404/product/Coriell Institute for Medical Research
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
skin fibroblast cell lines lincl gm09404 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
90/100 stars
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female bovine fibroblast cell lines  (Minitube USA Inc)
90
Minitube USA Inc female bovine fibroblast cell lines
<t>Human</t> <t>foreskin</t> fibroblast cell lines support the growth of T. pallidum in vitro . A Human foreskin fibroblast cell lines (MoNa, HFF1, and <t>HFFC)</t> support the growth of T. pallidum in long-term, continuous, in vitro cultivation. While cultivation of strain SS14 was discontinued after 10 weeks, in vitro cultures of the DAL-1 strain have been ongoing for over one year. During this period, scheme of subcultures was optimized (up to 1:20). A booster passage (*), extending the standard 7-day subculture to a 14-day period with a cultivation medium exchange on day 7, was employed to enrich the treponemal culture during critical declines. In vitro cultivation was performed in triplicate (i.e., in three cultivation wells) and the mean values for each subculture are presented in graph. Source data from individual wells are shown in Supplementary Table . B Parallel cultivation for seven days ( n = 15) with defined DAL-1 inoculum (10 6 treponemes) validated the differences in growth support of individual foreskin cell lines. Treponemal growth on human foreskin fibroblast cells was slower compared to growth on rabbit epithelial Sf1Ep cells. Red bar, mean. C Human foreskin-based cultivation system supports the growth of various T. pallidum strains ( n = 8), from the Nichols-like as well as the SS14-like cluster. Note that human foreskin fibroblast cells were prepared as an equal mixture of three tested cell lines. Each T. pallidum strain was cultivated in a single in vitro well, representing a sole experimental replicate used for data acquisition
Female Bovine Fibroblast Cell Lines, supplied by Minitube USA Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
female bovine fibroblast cell lines - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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immortalized human dermal fibroblasts from a gene-corrected clone derived from the xp patient line  (Coriell Institute for Medical Research)
90
Coriell Institute for Medical Research immortalized human dermal fibroblasts from a gene-corrected clone derived from the xp patient line
<t>Human</t> <t>foreskin</t> fibroblast cell lines support the growth of T. pallidum in vitro . A Human foreskin fibroblast cell lines (MoNa, HFF1, and <t>HFFC)</t> support the growth of T. pallidum in long-term, continuous, in vitro cultivation. While cultivation of strain SS14 was discontinued after 10 weeks, in vitro cultures of the DAL-1 strain have been ongoing for over one year. During this period, scheme of subcultures was optimized (up to 1:20). A booster passage (*), extending the standard 7-day subculture to a 14-day period with a cultivation medium exchange on day 7, was employed to enrich the treponemal culture during critical declines. In vitro cultivation was performed in triplicate (i.e., in three cultivation wells) and the mean values for each subculture are presented in graph. Source data from individual wells are shown in Supplementary Table . B Parallel cultivation for seven days ( n = 15) with defined DAL-1 inoculum (10 6 treponemes) validated the differences in growth support of individual foreskin cell lines. Treponemal growth on human foreskin fibroblast cells was slower compared to growth on rabbit epithelial Sf1Ep cells. Red bar, mean. C Human foreskin-based cultivation system supports the growth of various T. pallidum strains ( n = 8), from the Nichols-like as well as the SS14-like cluster. Note that human foreskin fibroblast cells were prepared as an equal mixture of three tested cell lines. Each T. pallidum strain was cultivated in a single in vitro well, representing a sole experimental replicate used for data acquisition
Immortalized Human Dermal Fibroblasts From A Gene Corrected Clone Derived From The Xp Patient Line, supplied by Coriell Institute for Medical Research, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/immortalized human dermal fibroblasts from a gene-corrected clone derived from the xp patient line/product/Coriell Institute for Medical Research
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
immortalized human dermal fibroblasts from a gene-corrected clone derived from the xp patient line - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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fibroblast cell lines xp31be  (Coriell Institute for Medical Research)
90
Coriell Institute for Medical Research fibroblast cell lines xp31be
<t>Human</t> <t>foreskin</t> fibroblast cell lines support the growth of T. pallidum in vitro . A Human foreskin fibroblast cell lines (MoNa, HFF1, and <t>HFFC)</t> support the growth of T. pallidum in long-term, continuous, in vitro cultivation. While cultivation of strain SS14 was discontinued after 10 weeks, in vitro cultures of the DAL-1 strain have been ongoing for over one year. During this period, scheme of subcultures was optimized (up to 1:20). A booster passage (*), extending the standard 7-day subculture to a 14-day period with a cultivation medium exchange on day 7, was employed to enrich the treponemal culture during critical declines. In vitro cultivation was performed in triplicate (i.e., in three cultivation wells) and the mean values for each subculture are presented in graph. Source data from individual wells are shown in Supplementary Table . B Parallel cultivation for seven days ( n = 15) with defined DAL-1 inoculum (10 6 treponemes) validated the differences in growth support of individual foreskin cell lines. Treponemal growth on human foreskin fibroblast cells was slower compared to growth on rabbit epithelial Sf1Ep cells. Red bar, mean. C Human foreskin-based cultivation system supports the growth of various T. pallidum strains ( n = 8), from the Nichols-like as well as the SS14-like cluster. Note that human foreskin fibroblast cells were prepared as an equal mixture of three tested cell lines. Each T. pallidum strain was cultivated in a single in vitro well, representing a sole experimental replicate used for data acquisition
Fibroblast Cell Lines Xp31be, supplied by Coriell Institute for Medical Research, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/fibroblast cell lines xp31be/product/Coriell Institute for Medical Research
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
fibroblast cell lines xp31be - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
90/100 stars
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fibroblast lines  (Coriell Institute for Medical Research)
90
Coriell Institute for Medical Research fibroblast lines
<t>Human</t> <t>foreskin</t> fibroblast cell lines support the growth of T. pallidum in vitro . A Human foreskin fibroblast cell lines (MoNa, HFF1, and <t>HFFC)</t> support the growth of T. pallidum in long-term, continuous, in vitro cultivation. While cultivation of strain SS14 was discontinued after 10 weeks, in vitro cultures of the DAL-1 strain have been ongoing for over one year. During this period, scheme of subcultures was optimized (up to 1:20). A booster passage (*), extending the standard 7-day subculture to a 14-day period with a cultivation medium exchange on day 7, was employed to enrich the treponemal culture during critical declines. In vitro cultivation was performed in triplicate (i.e., in three cultivation wells) and the mean values for each subculture are presented in graph. Source data from individual wells are shown in Supplementary Table . B Parallel cultivation for seven days ( n = 15) with defined DAL-1 inoculum (10 6 treponemes) validated the differences in growth support of individual foreskin cell lines. Treponemal growth on human foreskin fibroblast cells was slower compared to growth on rabbit epithelial Sf1Ep cells. Red bar, mean. C Human foreskin-based cultivation system supports the growth of various T. pallidum strains ( n = 8), from the Nichols-like as well as the SS14-like cluster. Note that human foreskin fibroblast cells were prepared as an equal mixture of three tested cell lines. Each T. pallidum strain was cultivated in a single in vitro well, representing a sole experimental replicate used for data acquisition
Fibroblast Lines, supplied by Coriell Institute for Medical Research, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/fibroblast lines/product/Coriell Institute for Medical Research
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
fibroblast lines - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
90/100 stars
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mrc-5 cell line  (China Center for Type Culture Collection)
90
China Center for Type Culture Collection mrc-5 cell line
<t>Human</t> <t>foreskin</t> fibroblast cell lines support the growth of T. pallidum in vitro . A Human foreskin fibroblast cell lines (MoNa, HFF1, and <t>HFFC)</t> support the growth of T. pallidum in long-term, continuous, in vitro cultivation. While cultivation of strain SS14 was discontinued after 10 weeks, in vitro cultures of the DAL-1 strain have been ongoing for over one year. During this period, scheme of subcultures was optimized (up to 1:20). A booster passage (*), extending the standard 7-day subculture to a 14-day period with a cultivation medium exchange on day 7, was employed to enrich the treponemal culture during critical declines. In vitro cultivation was performed in triplicate (i.e., in three cultivation wells) and the mean values for each subculture are presented in graph. Source data from individual wells are shown in Supplementary Table . B Parallel cultivation for seven days ( n = 15) with defined DAL-1 inoculum (10 6 treponemes) validated the differences in growth support of individual foreskin cell lines. Treponemal growth on human foreskin fibroblast cells was slower compared to growth on rabbit epithelial Sf1Ep cells. Red bar, mean. C Human foreskin-based cultivation system supports the growth of various T. pallidum strains ( n = 8), from the Nichols-like as well as the SS14-like cluster. Note that human foreskin fibroblast cells were prepared as an equal mixture of three tested cell lines. Each T. pallidum strain was cultivated in a single in vitro well, representing a sole experimental replicate used for data acquisition
Mrc 5 Cell Line, supplied by China Center for Type Culture Collection, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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mrc-5 cell line - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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murine fibroblast line sc1  (Biochrom)
90
Biochrom murine fibroblast line sc1
<t>Human</t> <t>foreskin</t> fibroblast cell lines support the growth of T. pallidum in vitro . A Human foreskin fibroblast cell lines (MoNa, HFF1, and <t>HFFC)</t> support the growth of T. pallidum in long-term, continuous, in vitro cultivation. While cultivation of strain SS14 was discontinued after 10 weeks, in vitro cultures of the DAL-1 strain have been ongoing for over one year. During this period, scheme of subcultures was optimized (up to 1:20). A booster passage (*), extending the standard 7-day subculture to a 14-day period with a cultivation medium exchange on day 7, was employed to enrich the treponemal culture during critical declines. In vitro cultivation was performed in triplicate (i.e., in three cultivation wells) and the mean values for each subculture are presented in graph. Source data from individual wells are shown in Supplementary Table . B Parallel cultivation for seven days ( n = 15) with defined DAL-1 inoculum (10 6 treponemes) validated the differences in growth support of individual foreskin cell lines. Treponemal growth on human foreskin fibroblast cells was slower compared to growth on rabbit epithelial Sf1Ep cells. Red bar, mean. C Human foreskin-based cultivation system supports the growth of various T. pallidum strains ( n = 8), from the Nichols-like as well as the SS14-like cluster. Note that human foreskin fibroblast cells were prepared as an equal mixture of three tested cell lines. Each T. pallidum strain was cultivated in a single in vitro well, representing a sole experimental replicate used for data acquisition
Murine Fibroblast Line Sc1, supplied by Biochrom, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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murine fibroblast line sc1 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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Image Search Results


Human foreskin fibroblast cell lines support the growth of T. pallidum in vitro . A Human foreskin fibroblast cell lines (MoNa, HFF1, and HFFC) support the growth of T. pallidum in long-term, continuous, in vitro cultivation. While cultivation of strain SS14 was discontinued after 10 weeks, in vitro cultures of the DAL-1 strain have been ongoing for over one year. During this period, scheme of subcultures was optimized (up to 1:20). A booster passage (*), extending the standard 7-day subculture to a 14-day period with a cultivation medium exchange on day 7, was employed to enrich the treponemal culture during critical declines. In vitro cultivation was performed in triplicate (i.e., in three cultivation wells) and the mean values for each subculture are presented in graph. Source data from individual wells are shown in Supplementary Table . B Parallel cultivation for seven days ( n = 15) with defined DAL-1 inoculum (10 6 treponemes) validated the differences in growth support of individual foreskin cell lines. Treponemal growth on human foreskin fibroblast cells was slower compared to growth on rabbit epithelial Sf1Ep cells. Red bar, mean. C Human foreskin-based cultivation system supports the growth of various T. pallidum strains ( n = 8), from the Nichols-like as well as the SS14-like cluster. Note that human foreskin fibroblast cells were prepared as an equal mixture of three tested cell lines. Each T. pallidum strain was cultivated in a single in vitro well, representing a sole experimental replicate used for data acquisition

Journal: BMC Microbiology

Article Title: First human cell-based cultivation system for the syphilis spirochete Treponema pallidum

doi: 10.1186/s12866-026-04856-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Human foreskin fibroblast cell lines support the growth of T. pallidum in vitro . A Human foreskin fibroblast cell lines (MoNa, HFF1, and HFFC) support the growth of T. pallidum in long-term, continuous, in vitro cultivation. While cultivation of strain SS14 was discontinued after 10 weeks, in vitro cultures of the DAL-1 strain have been ongoing for over one year. During this period, scheme of subcultures was optimized (up to 1:20). A booster passage (*), extending the standard 7-day subculture to a 14-day period with a cultivation medium exchange on day 7, was employed to enrich the treponemal culture during critical declines. In vitro cultivation was performed in triplicate (i.e., in three cultivation wells) and the mean values for each subculture are presented in graph. Source data from individual wells are shown in Supplementary Table . B Parallel cultivation for seven days ( n = 15) with defined DAL-1 inoculum (10 6 treponemes) validated the differences in growth support of individual foreskin cell lines. Treponemal growth on human foreskin fibroblast cells was slower compared to growth on rabbit epithelial Sf1Ep cells. Red bar, mean. C Human foreskin-based cultivation system supports the growth of various T. pallidum strains ( n = 8), from the Nichols-like as well as the SS14-like cluster. Note that human foreskin fibroblast cells were prepared as an equal mixture of three tested cell lines. Each T. pallidum strain was cultivated in a single in vitro well, representing a sole experimental replicate used for data acquisition

Article Snippet: Human foreskin fibroblasts HFF1 (SCRC-1041; ATCC) and HFFC (300715; Cytion) were purchased, while the third cell line (MoNa) was kindly provided by Dr. Vladimir Rotrekl (Masaryk University), and was originally obtained from the National Tissue Centre (Czech Republic).

Techniques: In Vitro